Noh, Khadijah Md (2018) Extraction And Characterization Of Oil From Moringa Oleifera Seeds Using Soxhlet Extraction. Masters thesis, Universiti Sains Malaysia.
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Abstract
Moringa oleifera diklasifikasikan sebagai salah satu tumbuhan sangat berharga kerana kebanyakan bahagian tumbuhan ini; akar, kulit, getah, daun, dan biji mempunyai kegunaan tersendiri. Minyak yang diekstrak daripada biji M. oleifera telah digunakan secara meluas dalam masakan, ubat-ubatan dan kosmetik. Kaedah pengekstrakan Soxhlet dengan menggunakan heksana sebagai pelarut pengekstrakan telah digunakan secara meluas untuk mengeluarkan minyak M. oleifera daripada bijinya. Walaubagaimanapun, kesan buruk penggunaan heksana terhadap alam sekitar dan kesihatan mungkin mengehadkan penggunaan heksana. Dalam kajian ini, heptana digunakan sebagai pelarut pengekstrakan kerana pelarut ini serupa dengan heksana tetapi ia tidak mempunyai masalah terhadap alam sekitar dan kesihatan yang berkaitan dengan heksana. Kesan suhu pengekstrakan, masa pengekstrakan, saiz zarah biji, dan nisbah pelarut kepada pepejal telah dikaji dalam penyelidikan ini. Hasil minyak bergantung kepada dengan perubahan pembolehubah yang dikaji. Suhu antara 85 ᴼC hingga 105 ᴼC, masa pengekstrakan antara 2 jam hingga 4.5 jam, nisbah pelarut kepada nisbah pepejal antara 7.5: 1 hingga 15: 1 dan saiz biji antara 0.5 mm hingga 2.0 mm telah digunakan semasa kajian. Keadaan optimum yang menghasilkan hasil minyak tertinggi adalah suhu pada 100 °C, masa pengekstrakan 4 jam, saiz zarah kurang daripada 0.50 mm dan nisbah pelarut kepada pepejal 15: 1. Hasil minyak maksimum ialah 40.10%. Biji M. oleifera dicirikan sebelum dan selepas proses pengekstrakan dengan menggunakan Pengimbasan Elektron Microskopik (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) dan ujian penganalisis unsur. Pengelasan fizikal dan kimia minyak yang diekstrak telah dianalisa. Asid oleik, asid palmitik dan asid oksalat dikesan dengan asid oleik mendominasi kira-kira 65.90%. Minyak M. oleifera yang diekstrak berwarna kuning dan mempunyai ketumpatan 0.905 g/mL. Nilai indeks biasnya adalah 1.46705 dan 65cP kelikatan. Nilai pengekstrakan ditentukan ialah minyak 198.63 mg KOH/g. Daripada kajian kinetik, model pengekodan urutan kinetik kedua berpadanan dengan data eksperimen dengan pekali korelasi (R2) hampir 1.00. Kewujudan fitokimia dalam minyak M. oleifera yang diekstrak telah diuji dan hasilnya menunjukkan bahawa flavonoid, saponin, fenol, tanin dan terpenoid wujud di dalam minyak. Daripada penyelidikan, didapati bahawa heptana adalah pelarut yang berkesan untuk proses pengekstrakan minyak M. oleifera menggunakan kaedah pengekstrakan Soxhlet. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Moringa oleifera is classified as one of the most valuable plants as most parts of this plant; root, bark, gum, leaf, and seed have their special usages. The oil extracted from M. oleifera seeds has been widely used in culinary, medicine and cosmetics. Soxhlet extraction method by using hexane as the extraction solvent has been widely used to extract the M. oleifera oil from its seed. However, the environmental and health concerns about hexane may limit its usage. In this research, heptane is used as the extraction solvent as this solvent is similar to hexane but it does not have the environmental and health concerns associated with hexane. Effects of extraction temperature, extraction time, particles size of the seeds, and solvent to solid ratio towards the extraction yield were investigated. The oil yield varied with the changing of the parameters. Temperature between 85 ᴼC to 105 ᴼC, extraction time between 2 hours to 4.5 hours, solvent to solid ratio between 7.5:1 to 15:1 and seeds size between 0.5 mm to 2.0 mm were used during the investigation. The optimum parameters that give highest oil yield of 40.10 % were temperature at 100°C, 4 hour extraction time, particle sizes less than 0.50 mm and solvent to solid ratio of 15:1. The M. oleifera seeds were characterized before and after the extraction process by using Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and elemental analyzer tests. Physical and chemical characterizations of the extracted oil were analyzed. Oleic acid, palmitic acid and oxalic acid were detected with oleic acid having the dominant percentage of about 65.90%. M. oleifera oil extracted was yellow in color and has density of 0.905 g/mL. The refractive index and viscosity values were 1.46705 and 65cP, respectively. Saponification value determined was 198.63 mg KOH/g oil. From the kinetics study, the kinetics second-order extraction model fitted well with the experimental data with correlation coefficient (R2) almost 1.00. The existence of phytochemicals in the extracted M. oleifera oil was tested and the results showed that the flavonoids, saponins, phenol, tannins and terpenoids exist in the oil. From the investigation, it was found that heptane is an effective solvent for the extraction of M. oleifera oil using Soxhlet extraction method.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Masters) |
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| Uncontrolled Keywords: | Full text is available at http://irplus.eng.usm.my:8080/ir_plus/institutionalPublicationPublicView.action?institutionalItemId=4593 |
| Subjects: | T Technology T Technology > TP Chemical Technology > TP1-1185 Chemical technology |
| Divisions: | Kampus Kejuruteraan (Engineering Campus) > Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraan Kimia (School of Chemical Engineering) > Thesis |
| Depositing User: | Mr Mohd Jasnizam Mohd Salleh |
| Date Deposited: | 29 Apr 2019 09:26 |
| Last Modified: | 29 Apr 2019 09:26 |
| URI: | http://eprints.usm.my/id/eprint/44237 |
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