Keokangdong, Sengphet
(2014)
Development Of Porous Ceramic Clay Bodies Using Four Different Types Of Bioresource Wastes.
PhD thesis, Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Abstract
The main objective of this study is to ascertain the possibility of fabricating porous clay ceramic materials. The raw materials consist of a kaolinitic Laotian clay and an illitic Malaysian clay, mixed with bioresource wastes (kenaf powder, kenaf fiber, banana stem and sugarcane wastes) as the pore-forming agents (PFA). The raw powders, i.e. Laotian clay (LC), Malaysian clay (MC) and bioresource wastes were initially characterized using XRF, XRD and TGA/DSC. The clay ceramic green bodies were fabricated with different types and amounts of bioresource wastes in the clay bodies (10, 20 and 30 wt%). The granulated powder mixtures were pressed hydraulically using a round stainless steel mould 23 mm diameter, under a pressure of 50MPa. It was observed that different types of bioresource waste additions did not create any shaping problems. After drying, the ceramic green bodies were fired at different temperatures (1100, 1125, 1150 and 1175oC) for 3 hours at a heating rate of 5oC/min. The effects of adding these wastes on the properties of the porous clay ceramics were assessed by shrinkage, density, porosity, water absorption, compressive strength, scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and computed tomography (CT) tests. XRD analyses confirmed that the mineralogical composition of the raw clays consisted of quartz and kaolinite as the major minerals in the LC clay, whilst illite and quartz were in the MC clay. Upon firing, the crystalline phases detected were only quartz and mullite. All the four bioresource wastes were successful in producing porous ceramic bodies in both clays but with varying degrees of porosity. This work had succeeded in establishing that the relative effects of the different bioresoure wastes were the same. For example, the sugarcane waste gave the highest porosity at all temperatures and percentages tested. This was followed by kenaf fibre, kenaf powder and banana stem wastes. Correspondingly, property such as density will be the lowest for the sequence of wastes mentioned. It was also established that the microstructural study using computed tomography provided useful additional information on the shape of the pores apart from the 3- dimensional image by FESEM. In conclusion, this work has successfully proven that bioresource wastes can contribute towards promoting green technology with regards to porous ceramic body production.
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