Jan Mohamed, Hamid Jan and Rowan, Angela and Bertram, Fong and Loy, See-Ling
(2014)
Maternal Serum and Breast Milk Vitamin D Levels:
Findings from the Universiti Sains Malaysia Pregnancy
Cohort Study.
PLOS ONE.
pp. 1-8.
Abstract
Background: Vitamin D deficiency has become a global health issue in pregnant women. This study aimed to assess the
adequacy of maternal vitamin D status by measuring maternal serum and breast milk 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels
and to determine the association between maternal serum and milk 25(OH)D levels.
Methods: Data was obtained from the Universiti Sains Malaysia Pregnancy Cohort Study. This study was conducted from
April 2010 to December 2012 in the state of Kelantan, Malaysia. Blood samples from pregnant women aged 19 to 40 years
were drawn in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, while breast milk samples at delivery, 2, 6 and 12 months
postpartum were collected to analyze for 25(OH)D levels. A total of 102 pregnant women were included in the analysis.
Results: Vitamin D deficiency [25(OH)D ,50 nmol/L] was detected in 60% and 37% of women in the second and third
trimesters of pregnancy, respectively. There were 6% and 23% of women who reached normal level of vitamin D status in
the second trimester and the third trimester, respectively. Multivitamin intakes during pregnancy were significantly
associated with higher serum 25(OH)D levels in the second trimester (b = 9.16, p = 0.005) and the third trimester (b = 13.65,
p = 0.003). 25(OH)D levels in breast milk during the first year of lactation ranged from 1.01 to 1.26 nmol/L. Higher maternal
serum 25(OH)D level in the second trimester of pregnancy was associated with an elevated level of 25(OH)D in breast milk
at delivery (b = 0.002, p = 0.026).
Conclusions: This study shows that high proportions of Malay pregnant women are at risk of vitamin D deficiency. Maternal
vitamin D status in the second trimester of pregnancy was found to influence vitamin D level in breast milk at delivery.
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