Ibrahim, Candrawati (2025) The effect of virtual reality imagery on sports imagery, motivation, emotional intelligence and expectancy-belief and values on football kicking skill performance among youth football players in Sarawak. PhD thesis, Universiti Sains Malaysia.
![[img]](http://eprints.usm.my/style/images/fileicons/application_pdf.png) |
PDF
Download (311kB) |
Abstract
Imagery, a psychological skills training method, enhances athletic performance, particularly in football. This study examines the impact of virtual reality imagery on sports imagery, motivation, emotional intelligence, and belief-values regarding football kicking skills among youth players in Sarawak. Phase 1 involved validating the Malay versions of the Sports Imagery Ability Questionnaire (SIAQ-M), Sports Motivation Scale-6 (SMS-6- M), Emotional Intelligence Scale (EIS-M), and Expectancy-Value Questionnaire in Physical Education (FEVQ-PE-M). A total of 321 male trainee teachers participated, with a mean age of 20.13 years. Confirmatory factor analysis and composite reliability (CR) were used for reliability and validity assessment. The SIAQ-M displayed an acceptable fit (RMSEA = 0.071, CFI = 0.969, TLI = 0.960, SRMR = 0.08), with a Composite Reliability (CR) values range from 0.796 to 0.885 and test-retest reliability of ICC = 0.996-1.000. The SMS-6-M showed a fit with RMSEA = 0.065, CFI = 0.924, TLI = 0.912, SRMR = 0.052, and a Cronbach’s alpha of α = 0.929, with test-retest reliability of ICC = 0.987- 1.000. The EIS-M demonstrated fit indices of RMSEA = 0.083, CFI = 0.904, TLI = 0.893, SRMR = 0.08, with a Cronbach’s alpha of α = 0.955, and ICC = 0.989-0.999. The FEVQPE- M showed RMSEA = 0.854, CFI = 0.966, TLI = 0.958, SRMR = 0.081, with α = 0.923, and ICC = 0.993-1.000. Phase 1 also utilised Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) to analyse relationships, revealing significant positive association among the study variables. Phase 2 investigated the effect of virtual reality imagery on these variables and football kicking performance among youth players. Results indicated significant changes over time and between groups for Sports Imagery, F(1, 57) = 56.54, p < .001, ηp2 = .498, Motivation, F(1, 57) = 64.40, p < .001, ηp2 = .530, Emotional Intelligence, F(1, 57) = 10.21, p < .001, ηp2 = .264), and Expectancy-Belief and Values, F(1, 57) = 9.92, p < .001, ηp2 = .163. Group comparisons indicated significant differences between Virtual Reality Imagery (VRI) and Imagery Script (IS), VRI and Control Group (CG), but not between IS and CG, except for the SMS-6-M (p = .112). The study concludes that the SIAQ-M, SMS-6-M, EIS-M, and FEVQ-PE-M are reliable and valid for youth football players in Sarawak. SEM revealed that virtual reality imagery positively influenced sports imagery, motivation, emotional intelligence, and expectancy-belief and values. A 12-week virtual reality imagery intervention program is recommended for educational and football institutions to enhance football skills among youth players in Sarawak, contributing to long-term performance improvements.
| Item Type: | Thesis (PhD) |
|---|---|
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | football |
| Subjects: | R Medicine R Medicine > RA Public aspects of medicine > RA440-440.87 Study and teaching. Research |
| Divisions: | Kampus Kesihatan (Health Campus) > Pusat Pengajian Sains Kesihatan (School of Health Sciences) > Thesis |
| Depositing User: | MUHAMMAD AKIF AIMAN AB SHUKOR |
| Date Deposited: | 04 Nov 2025 23:54 |
| Last Modified: | 19 Nov 2025 00:59 |
| URI: | http://eprints.usm.my/id/eprint/63173 |
Actions (login required)
 |
View Item |
