Malek, Muhamad Naim Abd
(2023)
Diversity And Distribution Of Benthic Foraminifera In Mangrove Forests Of Penang Island.
PhD thesis, Perpustakaan Hamzah Sendut.
Abstract
Foraminifera is one of the diverse groups of organisms inhabiting mangrove
environment, but local studies regarding benthic foraminifera are limited. Therefore,
this study was conducted to examine the diversity and distribution patterns of the
foraminifera species in mangrove forests around Penang Island, which were Teluk
Tempoyak, Pulau Betong, and Kuala Sungai Pinang. A total of 648 surface sediment
samples (N=18 points × 3 mangrove forests × 12 months) of 1 cm thick were
randomly collected using scoops during the lowest spring tide. The sampling was
conducted monthly from March 2017 to February 2018. The results showed low to
moderate species diversity (H’ index: 0-1.4), typical of a mangrove environment.
Overall, 29 benthic foraminifera species were identified, predominantly agglutinated
with some combination of hyaline and porcelaneous tests. Benthic foraminifera in
Pulau Betong mangrove recorded the highest species diversity (29 species), followed
by Teluk Tempoyak (25 species) and Kuala Sungai Pinang (19 species). The species
idetified are commonly found in mangrove swamps and in the coastal environment.
Species distribution demonstrated significant variation among the different locations,
zones, and seasonal factors in the three mangrove forests (p < 0.05).
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