Khayoon, Muataz Shakir
(2013)
Development Of Silica-Based And Activated
Carbon-Based Catalysts For Glycerol
Acetylation, Transesterification And
Acetalization Processes For The Production Of
Oxygenated Fuel Additives.
PhD thesis, Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Abstract
The escalating growth of biodiesel industry worldwide has led to generate an
abundance of glycerol, which affects the biodiesel economy. Thus, this research
emphasized on the conversion of glycerol to valuable chemicals "oxygenated fuel
additives". Glycerol was separately transformed to diversified components (glycerol
acetates, glycerol acetals, and glycerol carbonate) via four different catalytic reaction
processes (acetylation with acetic acid, transesterification with methyl acetate,
acetalization with acetone, and transesterification with dimethyl carbonate). To
achieve these goals, different heterogeneous catalysts were synthesized to facilitate
the production of the aforementioned components. As such, sulphated activated
carbon, β-MoO3 functionalized hybrid SBA-15, and Yttrium grafted SBA-3 catalysts
were synthesized and accordingly employed for the acetylation of glycerol with
acetic acid. The synthesized catalysts were characterized to study their textural
properties, nature of their functional groups, and their surface morphology by BET,
FTIR, XRD, SAXS, 31P MAS NMR, surface acidity and basicity, CHNS/O, EDX,
SEM and TEM. Mono-, di- and triacetyl glycerol (MAG, DAG and TAG,
respectively) were the products of acetylation reaction and transesterification
reaction with methyl acetate. Five and six membered ring acetals were the
acetalization reaction products, and the valuable glycerol carbonate was the product
of glycerol transesterification with dimethyl carbonate.
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