Hanif, Hashim and Khurshid, Muhammad Bilal and Lindhard, Søren Munch and Aslam, Zuhaib
(2016)
Impact of Variation Orders on Time and Cost in Mega Hydropower
Projects of Pakistan.
Journal of Construction in Developing Countries , 21 (2).
pp. 37-53.
ISSN 1823-6499
Abstract
The occurrence of variation orders (VOs) in the construction industry is a regular
trend all over the world. Hydropower projects are no exception, and it is difficult to find a
hydropower project in Pakistan that does not experience VOs. The current research
investigates the causes and impacts of VOs in mega hydropower projects using case studies
of three mega hydropower projects in Pakistan. The results illustrate that errors and omissions
in design, changes in scope and changes in design were among the three top contributing
factors to VOs in hydropower projects that resulted in time and cost overruns. Because of
VOs, the time overrun is 20%, and the cost overrun is 31% with respect to the planned time
and cost of the project. Based on this research, the study recommends measures to curb the
causes and impacts of VOs to optimise the construction process of mega hydropower
projects.
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