Putra, I Dewa Alit Dwija
(2023)
Iconographical Interpretations Of Modern Elements In Northern Bali Temple Reliefs
During Dutch Colonial Period, 1900-1940.
PhD thesis, Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Abstract
Relief art on temple buildings in Bali generally uses ornaments from classical
Balinese Hindu cultural heritage. Traditional or classical art resulted from a blend of
Javanese and Balinese Hindu culture during the Majapahit era. Since the arrival of
Dutch colonialism in North Bali in 1849, it had had numerous influences and caused
changes in all aspects of Balinese life. Likewise, in traditional arts, especially relief
art. The shift from conventional relief art to modern art can be seen in several temple
buildings in North Bali, such as Beji Sangsit Temple, Madue Karang Temple, Dalem
Jagaraga Temple, and Lan Puseh Village Temple. The embodiment of reliefs shows
images that differ from traditional art conventions such as theme, composition, and
style. Like other works of art, reliefs are made with a specific purpose and message.
This study provides a more in-depth analysis of relief art by using the iconography and
iconology theory of Erwin Panofsky as a method for analysing reliefs in the context of
the socio-cultural history of the Balinese people. Through three stages of Panofsky's
iconographic analysis, it can be observed that the relief works were created as part of
the Dutch political strategy to shape the image of Bali as an "exotic" and "cultured"
area and as a world tourist destination, in addition to divert the memory of the shame
caused by the war the Dutch had against the Balinese people.
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