Zainuddin, Saiful Azli Mohd
(2010)
Analysis of urinary calculi
by physical methods in Hospital
Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Masters thesis, Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Abstract
In urolithiasis or kidney stone disease, research and in clinical practice the highly specific
and systematic analysis of urinary calculi is of great importance. The exact knowledge of
the type of the stone is a precondition of any medical therapy for urinary calculus.
Urolithiasis is a very frequent finding in the Kelantan, but stone analysis is not routinely
performed in HUSM.
Knowledge of the composition of calculi yields fundamental information concerning the
pathogenesis of the disease, including metabolic abnormalities, presence of infection,
possible artifacts, and even drug metabolism. Accurate high-quality urinary calculi analysis
is an essential requirement for this approach to patient management, allowing possible
causes to be defined, logical treatment strategies to be implemented and prevention of
stone recurrence.
Each method has merit in specific situations. Whereas a single method may not be
adequate for all analyses, a combination of methods used in a complementary fashion may
be relied on for accurate results. We therefore set out to analyze one hundred and fifty five
samples of urinary calculi in HUSM using the modem physicochemical methods, X-ray
diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray fluorescence which yield the best results in the differentiation of the constituents of
urinary calculi. The objectives of this study are to determine the composition of urinary calculi in HUSM
and correlate the urinary calculi composition using various techniques under physical
methods. Apart from that, we would also like to determine the association of demographic
features and location of the urinary stone formers. Last but not least, is to determine the
agreement between these four methods. We study the results, the reliability of these
methods and the important analytical tests for urinary calculi on identical stone material
under routine conditions. Through accurate high-quality urinary calculi analysis, allowing
logical treatment strategies to be implemented. This is an observational cross-sectional analytical study involves a total of one hundred
and fifty five urinary stone formers in HUSM which were collected from January 2003 to
December 2009. All stones removed from patients were placed in polyethylene dry bottles
labeled with the name, identification number, hospital registration number, sex, age, date
and ethnicity of the patient. The location of the stone and treatment were also recorded. Urinary calculi weighing more than 500mg were selected and prepared for the investigation. The specimens of urinary calculi were washed with distilled water, air-dried, finely ground and pressed into powder and divided into 4 samples and prepared for
analysis using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF). All tests were performed at the Science Labs, School of Material and Mineral Resources Engineering,
Engineering Campus USM Transkrian Penang.
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