Alagan, Vinothiniy
(2022)
Comparison of signatures
on paper and graphic pad using
multivariate analysis.
Masters thesis, Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Abstract
Most sectors are progressively adopting electronic signatures as a standard
business method due to technology improvements and the allure of a paperless
workflow. The increasing use of electronic signatures has presented challenges for
document examiners in their methods of examination due to the absence of well defined
procedures, pertinent research, and differences between electronic signatures
and handwritten signatures. As a first step to answer the question regarding the
differences in signature writers in various mediums, 30 signatures were collected on
Double-A, A4 paper using a blue Ballpoint pen Grip X10 1.0mm, and another 30
signatures on the XP-Pen Star G430 graphic pen tablet with a P01 Stylus pen from 5
subjects. Then, the similarities and differences between the signatures were analysed
using three parameters that represent vertical dimension movement in writing, namely
the ratio of the upper zone to the total height, the ratio of the middle zone to the total
height and the ratio of the lower zone to the total height. The parameters were then
tested with multiple tests. The ratios were used to calculate the mean and RSD and
subsequently for statistical analysis. In summary, intra-variation among the authors
was evident, regardless of the writing medium used in signatures. These suggested that
natural variation was common, and no people could produce the same signature every
occasion. Based on the statistical results, the K-mean clustering accuracy was at least
60% and above for all the signees. Perhaps, this shows differences in the signature
written on paper and graphic pad, although the same person wrote it simultaneously.
In factor analysis followed by scatter plots, the signatures analysed in this research are exhibited within and between varying writing mediums. The within variation
suggested that natural variation was expected regardless of the writing medium used
in signatures, and no people could produce the same signature on every occasion. The
variation between writing mediums, namely paper and graphic pad, is evident,
although the same person signs it. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected, and the
alternative hypothesis is accepted where the signature from the same person will be
significantly different when using different writing mediums.
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