Yusoff, Wan Hasnimazmira Wan (2014) A study of urinary tract infection among housewives in a community setting. Other. Pusat Pengajian Sains Kesihatan, Universiti Sains Malaysia. (Submitted)
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Abstract
1.1 Background of the Study Urinary tract infection (UTI) is defined as the presence of bacteria in the urine (bacteriuria). The principal bacterial infections of the kidney and urinary tract occur in either the renal parenchyma (pyelonephritis) or bladder (cystitis) (Lee, 2007). Generally, according to Earhart (20 I 0), women are prone to get UTI for anatomical reasons. One o f the factors is that woman's urethra is shorter, which is average of 4 em in length that will increase chances for bacteria to have quick access to the bladder (Earhart. 20 I 0). Furthermore, woman's urethral opening is also near to the sources of bacteria, which is from the anus and vagina (National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse, 20 12). !.1.1 The types of UTI Generally. UTI are classified into two types: upper and lower UTI. ll owe ver. fo r this current study, the researcher \Vas generally focus for this two type of UTI. that included women as a main aspect of study as a respondent due to the prevalence of women is higher as compared to men. 1.1.1.1 Upper UTI Upper UTI is infections that affect the upper urinary tract. It is also known as pyelonephritis, which refers to the inflammation of the renal pelvis. interstitial ne phritis and renal abscesses. Generally, upper UTI is causes by either the invasion of bacteria from the bla9der or systemic sources such as via bloodstream. that spreading to the kidney . This type of UTI was more give harm and severe than lov,·er UTI (Smeltzer et a/ .. 20 I 0). 1. 1.1.2 Lower UTI Lower UTI is an infections involving lower urinary tract such as cystitis that refer to the inflammation of urinary bladder, prostatitis that is inflammation of prostate gland and urethritis that is inflammation of the urethra (Heffner & Gorelick. 2008). UTI is a type of infection that can be cause by many factors. I. I .2 The causes of UT I There arc several causes of UTI. As mentioned earlier, the meatus, or also commonly known as urinary opening, is situated in front of the vagina and closer to the rectum than in males. So, UTI is an infection caused by the presence and growth of microorganisms anywhere in the urinary tract. It is perhaps the single most common bacterial infection of mankind . Most commonly, UTI occurs when gastrointestinal bacteria (bacteria in the gut) enter through the urethra and start multiplying in the bladder. Our defense system is designed to keep such germs out. but sometimes they fail and bacteria may take hold and multiply into an infection (Earhart. 20 I 0). 1.1 .3 The symptoms of UTI The symptoms of a UTI are varies by age. gender, and whether a urinary catheter is present. By referrring to Johansen et a/., (20 I I), sometimes microorganisms enter the urinary tract without causing problems which is called as asymptomatic bacteriuria. Among young women, UTI symptoms typically include a frequent and intense urge to urinate and painful, burning feeling in the bladder or urethra during urination. The amount of urine may be very small. Moreover, the presence of pathogens in the urine is considered to be a risk factor for a clinical infection. Local and systemic symptoms may arise when pathogens invade the urothelium. In other word. the higher up in the urinary tract the invasion ta kes place, the more serious is the clinical situation (Johansen eta! .. 20 II). A theoretical framework that was used in this study was the Health Belief Model (HBM). It is used to help explain how changes and maintenance of health re lated behaviors guides health behavior interventions (Champion & Skinner. 2008). This theoret ical framework is one of the longest established theoretical models (Nutbeam & Harris. 2002). It has been developed in the 1950s by a group of U.S. Public Health Service social psychologists to explain why so few people were participating in programs to prevent and detect disease (Champion & Skinner. 2008). The HBM is good to address pro blem behaviors that evoke health concerns (Croy le. 2005). For this stud y. I-IBM was used to illustrate the housewives' beliefs about their health and actions to improve a good and better health.
| Item Type: | Monograph (Other) |
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| Uncontrolled Keywords: | Urinary tract infection |
| Subjects: | R Medicine R Medicine > RC Internal medicine > RC31-1245 Internal medicine |
| Divisions: | Kampus Kesihatan (Health Campus) > Pusat Pengajian Sains Perubatan (School of Medical Sciences) > Monograph |
| Depositing User: | Mr Abdul Hadi Mohammad |
| Date Deposited: | 01 Mar 2023 04:02 |
| Last Modified: | 01 Mar 2023 04:02 |
| URI: | http://eprints.usm.my/id/eprint/56904 |
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