Aljahmi, Sami Khalifa Salem
(2020)
Prevalence of incisor relationship among secondary school children in Kota Bharu and comparison of craniofacial morphology among patients with class i, class ii and class iii malocclusions in Hospital USM.
Masters thesis, Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Abstract
The high prevalence of malocclusion has created a community health issue worldwide; which is considered as the third highest oral health threat after tooth decay and periodontal disease. The ultimate purpose of orthodontic treatment has always been to improve the teeth irregularity, dentofacial aesthetics, and jaw function in order to enhance the life of a patient. This current study has two main goals: to determine the prevalence of incisor relationship among school children in Kota Bharu and to compare the craniofacial morphology among Class I, Class ІІ and Class ІІІ malocclusions of Malay patients in Hospital USM. This is a cross-sectional study of 1300 students 720 females, 580 males, from nine government schools in the age groups range from 12 to18 years old was included. The ethnic proportional of the sample was Malay 67.4% (n=876), Chinese 28.1% (n=365) and Indian 4.5 % (n=59). The incisor relationship based on BSI classification was used to establish the prevalence. A total of 120 lateral cephalograms from 60 females and 60 male’s Malay patients with age group 12 to 25 years old were selected based on the molar relationship of the study model from the archive of Orthodontic Clinic, Hospital USM. The lateral cephalometric radiographs were traced digitally and analyzed based on Jarabak, Steiner, and Tweed. The statistical analyses were done using IBM software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24. The statistical power was set at P<0.05. One-Way ANOVA test was performed. The finding has shown the prevalence of incisor relationship was 791 (60.8%), 277 (21.2%), 191 (14.8%) and 41 (3.2%) for Class I, Class II div 1, Class III and Class II div 2 respectively. The female has higher prevalence in all malocclusions except Class I when compared to male. Age group 12 to 14 years old had higher prevalence of in Class I, Class II div 1, and Class III when compared to the age group 15 to 18 years old which had a high prevalence of Class II div 2. The lateral cephalometric analysis of Class I, Class II and Class III malocclusions had shown a significant difference in all cranial base, skeletal, dental and soft tissue measurements. Class II has more value of cranial base angle than Class I and Class III. The anterior facial high and posterior facial high was displayed as the lowest value in Class III. Class II sample has shown more convex profile whereas Class III has bigger facial angle. The relationship between the upper and lower incisor teeth was presented in Class III as the highest value than Class I and Class II. It is concluded that the Class I incisor relationship is the most prevalent in the school children aged 12 to 18 in Kota Bharu. A quarter of the sample presented with Class II div 1. This evidence is applicable in oral health policy in their preventive strategies planning. This study showed clinically significant differences in Class I, Class II and Class III malocclusion. There is a distinct craniofacial feature of Malay patients. Implications of these have shown Class I presented with less prognathic maxilla when compare to Class II malocclusion. Class II has shown more forward of the maxilla and prognathic profile. Retruded maxilla with forward mandible indicated to retrognathic profile and vertical growth pattern displayed in Class III malocclusion.
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