Nor, Nor Radhiah Mat
(2018)
Determination of the health economic factors demanded by the Malaysian hajj pilgrims in Makkah in 2013.
Masters thesis, Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Abstract
Desire among Muslim around the world to perform Hajj is tremendously high as
it is the fifth pillar in Islam and compulsory for Muslim who is mentally, physically and
financially capable. Hajj is an annual Muslim pilgrimage to Makkah that involved 2.5
million pilgrims from all around the world. It caused huge congestion that could lead to
potential diseases outcomes and numerous problems during its performance. The
objectives of this study are generally; to study the demand for healthcare services among
the Malaysian Hajj pilgrims in Makkah in 2013 and specifically; (1) to determine the
type of health problems faced by the Malaysian pilgrims during Hajj, (2) to identify
healthcare services demand by the Malaysian pilgrims in Makkah during Hajj, and (3) to
determine the health economics factors associated to demand for health provision among
Malaysian pilgrims during Hajj. A cross-sectional study was conducted that involved
379 Malaysian pilgrims in 2013/1434H. The survey was conducted after the pilgrims
completed their Hajj ritual. Earlier, a qualitative study that was a Focus Group
Discussion (FGD) was conducted as a baseline data collection for questionnaire
construction. Six groups of participants were involved, where 36 participants were
selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 400 sets of questionnaires
were distributed at Abraj Janadriyah Hotel, which was occupied by more than 3000
Malaysian pilgrims. The response rate for this survey was 93%. Male respondents were
constituted of 49.6% and female respondents were 50.4% with the mean age 52 years old. The underlying disease among Malaysian pilgrims during Hajj was respiratory
disease (77.5%). Various problems were encountered during Hajj, where healthcare
services (52%) were substantially highlighted by the pilgrims, followed by the public
services (15%), Hajj management (12%), Hajj activity (8%), hygiene issues (7%), and
food quality (6%). The health personnel (36.1%) and quality medication (34.7%) are
among the important healthcare services demanded by the Malaysian pilgrims in
Makkah. The health economic factors related to facilities during the ritual, such as public
services (bus, or/and car), healthcare services and the food management were found
significantly (p<0.05) associated with the confronted problems and type of diseases
(communicable and non-communicable diseases) commonly affected population within
the congestion. In conclusion, this research provides a fundamental input to be reference
for the health care providers, and the Hajj management authority to improve the quality
and improve efficiency of Hajj management in for Malaysian pilgrims in year ahead.
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