Ahmad, Mohd Hanief
(2018)
Positive smoker identity : a development and validation of smoking cessation instrument, and its associated factors.
Masters thesis, Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Abstract
Smoking cessation was important because smoking has been the single most essential
preventable cause of premature death and morbidity. Positive Smoker Identity was a
new construct representing positive smoker thoughts, images and feeling about smoking
behaviour and culture. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the psychometric
properties of a questionnaire developed to measure Positive Smoker Identity among
smokers in government agencies in Kota Bharu, Kelantan, and to study its prevalence
and associated factors. A cross-sectional study was carried out from March 2017 to
March 2018 using data collected from smokers. The respondents answered a set of
proforma and questionnaires including PSmoQi, which was initially developed and
tested for content, face and construct validity in a pilot study. Data were analysed using
R Software Version 3.3.1. Two-hundred and fifty-three smokers, who were all male and
Malay, participated in the study. Majority of them had attained secondary school
education or lower (52.2%), were of lower job level (70%), were married (88.9%),
smoked cigarette daily (74.7%), used conventional cigarette (96.4%), smoked at home
(68%), got their cigarettes from shop (90.9%), reported good health status (83.4%),
occasionally saw smoking cessation campaign in the media (52.2%), and used mostly
cheaper-than-market-price cigarette (55.3%). The best factor solution confirmed for the
PSmoQi items was a 6-factor solution, with an overall Cronbach’s alpha of 0.77.
PSmoQi was shown to have acceptable convergent validity, good divergent validity,
and adequate concurrent validity with Smoker Self-Concept Scale (SSCS-M). The
prevalence of respondents with Positive Smoker Identity was 72.3%. Factors associatedwith Positive Smoker Identity were age (AOR: 1.042; 95% CI: 1.004, 1.081); p =
0.028), SSCS-M score (AOR: 1.216; 95% CI: 1.112, 1.329; p < 0.001), heaviness index
(AOR: 1.002; 95% CI: 1.001, 1.004; p = 0.011), and educational attainment. (AOR:
0.458; 95% CI: 0.233, 0.900; p = 0.024). In summary, PSmoQi was a valid and reliable
instrument to measure a comprehensively rich and deep Positive Smoker Identity
construct, and would facilitate parametric statistical analyses in future studies on
smoking cessation.
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