Alim, A'attiyyah Ab
(2018)
Cytotoxic, mutagenic and oral pathogen related antimicrobial properties of clinacanthus nutans.
Masters thesis, Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Abstract
Clinacanthus nutans (C. nutans) locally known as Sabah snake grass is a
perennial herb that has been used traditionally in the treatment of various diseases in
Malaysia. The objectives of this study were to determine the phytochemical
compounds in the ethanol and aqueous extracts of C. nutans leaves using Gas
Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) and assessing their cytotoxic effect of
using MTT assay on human gingival fibroblast cell line and then to evaluate their
mutagenic effect using Ames test as well as to determine their antimicrobial properties
using agar diffusion test and Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) assays. A total
of 53 phytochemical compounds were identified from the extracts of C. nutans leaves.
The compounds were classified into several classes: phenols, flavonoids, terpenoids,
fatty acids, alkanes and hydrocarbons, esters, ketones, furans, sulfur and nitrogen
compounds. In vitro cytotoxic study of ethanol and aqueous extracts of C. nutans
leaves in various concentrations (6,400; 3,200; 1,600; 800; 400; 200; 100; 50 and 25
μg/ml) on human gingival fibroblast cell line (HGF-1) using MTT assay did not exhibit
any cytotoxic effect. Ames test on four types of S. Typhimurium strains, TA98,
TA100, TA1535 and TA1537 treated with ethanol and aqueous extracts of C. nutans
leaves did not show any mutagenic effect both in the presence and absence of
metabolic activation system (S9) mix based on the number of revertant colonies.
Antimicrobial study using agar well diffusion assay showed that the growth of
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Actinomyces viscosus (A. viscosus) wereinhibited by the ethanol and aqueous extracts of C. nutans leaves. However, the
extracts did not exhibit any antimicrobial activity towards Enterococcus faecalis (E.
faecalis), Porhyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) and Candida albicans (C. albicans).
Ethanol extract of C. nutans leaves showed better antimicrobial activity compared to
the aqueous extract of C. nutans leaves against A. viscosus. Ethanol extract of C.
nutans leaves showed MIC value of 102,400 μg/ml against A. viscosus and 204,800
μg/ml against S. aureus. Aqueous extract of C. nutans leaves showed MIC values of
204,800 μg/ml against A. viscosus and S. aureus. The results of the current study show
that C. nutans leaves could act as a potential source of antimicrobial agent in
combating oral pathogens.
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