Sek, Kei Lin
(2013)
Silica Supported Indium
Heterogeneous Catalyst In
Benzylation And Benzoylation Of
Toluene.
Masters thesis, Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Abstract
Indium incorporated silica with different indium content were synthesized via
a template free sol-gel method. The silica used was extracted from rice husk (RH)
and the resulting catalyst was labeled as RH-xIn (x = 5, 10, 15 and 20).
The catalysts were characterized by physico-chemical techniques such as
FTIR, N2 adsorption (BET), powder XRD, UV-Vis, SEM, EDX, TEM and AAS for
the elemental analysis. RH-blank (without indium) was synthesized as the control for
the reaction. No indium was detected in the RH-blank and the percentage of indium
was found increase from RH-5In to RH-20In. The N2 adsorption analysis showed the
presence of type IV isotherm in RH-blank and RH-xIn, indicating the mesoporous
nature of the catalysts. The XRD recorded a broad band at 2θ = 25°, which showed
their amorphous character. TEM micrographs revealed the catalysts to be composed
of nanoparticles.
Friedel-Craft benzylation and benzoylation of toluene with benzyl chloride
(BC) and benzoyl chloride (BOZ) were carried out by using RH-xIn (x= 5, 10, 15
and 20) as the catalyst. Benzylation of toluene resulted in 4-methyldiphenylmethane
(4-MDM) and 2-methyldiphenylmethane (2-MDM) as the major products while disubstituted
products were detected as minor product. Benzoylation of toluene gave 4-
methylbenzophenone (4-MBP) and 2-methylbenzophenone (2-MBP) as major
products, and 3-methylbenzophenone (3-MBP) as the minor product.
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